{"id":11085,"date":"2025-08-13T10:13:17","date_gmt":"2025-08-13T08:13:17","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/gradido.net\/?page_id=11085"},"modified":"2025-10-04T12:07:28","modified_gmt":"2025-10-04T10:07:28","slug":"equality-for-women-and-minorities","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/gradido.net\/en\/countries\/saudi-arabia\/equality-for-women-and-minorities\/","title":{"rendered":"Equality for women and minorities in Saudi Arabia"},"content":{"rendered":"<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"11085\" class=\"elementor elementor-11085\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4ce3e8af elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4ce3e8af\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-no\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-efa8c8c\" data-id=\"efa8c8c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e088aa4 elementor--h-position-center elementor--v-position-middle elementor-arrows-position-inside elementor-widget elementor-widget-slides\" data-id=\"e088aa4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;navigation&quot;:&quot;arrows&quot;,&quot;autoplay&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;pause_on_hover&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;pause_on_interaction&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;autoplay_speed&quot;:5000,&quot;infinite&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;transition&quot;:&quot;slide&quot;,&quot;transition_speed&quot;:500}\" data-widget_type=\"slides.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-swiper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-slides-wrapper elementor-main-swiper swiper\" role=\"region\" aria-roledescription=\"carousel\" aria-label=\"Slider\" dir=\"ltr\" data-animation=\"fadeInUp\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"swiper-wrapper elementor-slides\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-repeater-item-2de4990 swiper-slide\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\"><div class=\"swiper-slide-bg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"saudi-arabia-7375729_1280\"><\/div><div class=\"swiper-slide-inner\" ><div class=\"swiper-slide-contents\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"elementor-repeater-item-28f126e swiper-slide\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\"><div class=\"swiper-slide-bg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"mecca-66966_1280\"><\/div><div class=\"swiper-slide-inner\" ><div class=\"swiper-slide-contents\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"elementor-repeater-item-992da35 swiper-slide\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\"><div class=\"swiper-slide-bg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"mecca-1050478_1280\"><\/div><div class=\"swiper-slide-inner\" ><div class=\"swiper-slide-contents\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"elementor-repeater-item-1a67a9d swiper-slide\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\"><div class=\"swiper-slide-bg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"prophet-2249759_1280\"><\/div><div class=\"swiper-slide-inner\" ><div class=\"swiper-slide-contents\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"elementor-repeater-item-2799f50 swiper-slide\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\"><div class=\"swiper-slide-bg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"saudi-arabia-8880043_1280\"><\/div><div class=\"swiper-slide-inner\" ><div class=\"swiper-slide-contents\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"elementor-repeater-item-22adf08 swiper-slide\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\"><div class=\"swiper-slide-bg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"camel-train-3408458_1280\"><\/div><div class=\"swiper-slide-inner\" ><div class=\"swiper-slide-contents\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-swiper-button elementor-swiper-button-prev\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"\u00d6nceki slayt\" data-no-translation-aria-label=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"eicon-chevron-left\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-swiper-button elementor-swiper-button-next\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Sonraki slayt\" data-no-translation-aria-label=\"\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"eicon-chevron-right\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-240baa7a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"240baa7a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-1afe9e42\" data-id=\"1afe9e42\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-65bd50ae elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"65bd50ae\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Equality for women and minorities<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-446540f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"446540f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-312a2d3\" data-id=\"312a2d3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-274ae97 elementor-nav-menu--dropdown-tablet elementor-nav-menu__text-align-aside elementor-nav-menu--toggle elementor-nav-menu--burger elementor-widget elementor-widget-nav-menu\" data-id=\"274ae97\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;layout&quot;:&quot;horizontal&quot;,&quot;submenu_icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;&lt;i class=\\&quot;fas fa-caret-down\\&quot; aria-hidden=\\&quot;true\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/i&gt;&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;},&quot;toggle&quot;:&quot;burger&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"nav-menu.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<nav aria-label=\"Country research\" class=\"elementor-nav-menu--main elementor-nav-menu__container elementor-nav-menu--layout-horizontal e--pointer-underline e--animation-grow\">\n\t\t\t\t<ul id=\"menu-1-274ae97\" class=\"elementor-nav-menu\"><li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-12305\"><a class=\"elementor-item\">Africa<\/a>\n<ul class=\"sub-menu elementor-nav-menu--dropdown\">\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-12253\"><a href=\"https:\/\/gradido.net\/en\/countries\/afrika\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\">Africa, entire continent<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13097\"><a href=\"https:\/\/gradido.net\/en\/countries\/afrika\/dr-congo\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\">Democratic Republic of the Congo<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-12414\"><a href=\"https:\/\/gradido.net\/en\/countries\/afrika\/kenya\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\">Kenya<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-12737\"><a href=\"https:\/\/gradido.net\/en\/countries\/afrika\/madagascar\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\">Madagascar<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-12148\"><a href=\"https:\/\/gradido.net\/en\/countries\/afrika\/namibia\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\">Namibia<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-12839\"><a href=\"https:\/\/gradido.net\/en\/countries\/afrika\/rwanda\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\">Rwanda<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-11798\"><a class=\"elementor-item\">America<\/a>\n<ul class=\"sub-menu elementor-nav-menu--dropdown\">\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-12463\"><a href=\"https:\/\/gradido.net\/en\/countries\/usa\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\">USA<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-11791\"><a href=\"https:\/\/gradido.net\/en\/countries\/mexico\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\">Mexico<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-11800\"><a class=\"elementor-item\">Asia<\/a>\n<ul class=\"sub-menu elementor-nav-menu--dropdown\">\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-11794\"><a href=\"https:\/\/gradido.net\/en\/countries\/maledives\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\">Maldives<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-11790\"><a href=\"https:\/\/gradido.net\/en\/countries\/philippines\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\">Philppines<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-11802\"><a href=\"https:\/\/gradido.net\/en\/countries\/saudi-arabia\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\">Saudi Arabia<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-11797\"><a class=\"elementor-item\">Europe<\/a>\n<ul class=\"sub-menu elementor-nav-menu--dropdown\">\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-11805\"><a href=\"https:\/\/gradido.net\/en\/countries\/germany\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\">Germany<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-11803\"><a href=\"https:\/\/gradido.net\/en\/countries\/greece\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\">Greece<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-11788\"><a href=\"https:\/\/gradido.net\/en\/countries\/spain\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\">Spain<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-11801\"><a class=\"elementor-item\">Oceania<\/a>\n<ul class=\"sub-menu elementor-nav-menu--dropdown\">\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-11793\"><a href=\"https:\/\/gradido.net\/en\/countries\/marshall-islands\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\">Marshall Islands<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-11795\"><a href=\"https:\/\/gradido.net\/en\/countries\/tahiti\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\">Tahiti<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\t\t\t<\/nav>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-menu-toggle\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Menu Toggle\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" role=\"presentation\" class=\"elementor-menu-toggle__icon--open eicon-menu-bar\"><\/i><i aria-hidden=\"true\" role=\"presentation\" class=\"elementor-menu-toggle__icon--close eicon-close\"><\/i>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<nav class=\"elementor-nav-menu--dropdown elementor-nav-menu__container\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t<ul id=\"menu-2-274ae97\" class=\"elementor-nav-menu\"><li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-12305\"><a class=\"elementor-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">Africa<\/a>\n<ul class=\"sub-menu elementor-nav-menu--dropdown\">\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-12253\"><a href=\"https:\/\/gradido.net\/en\/countries\/afrika\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">Africa, entire continent<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13097\"><a href=\"https:\/\/gradido.net\/en\/countries\/afrika\/dr-congo\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">Democratic Republic of the Congo<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-12414\"><a href=\"https:\/\/gradido.net\/en\/countries\/afrika\/kenya\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">Kenya<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-12737\"><a href=\"https:\/\/gradido.net\/en\/countries\/afrika\/madagascar\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">Madagascar<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-12148\"><a href=\"https:\/\/gradido.net\/en\/countries\/afrika\/namibia\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">Namibia<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-12839\"><a href=\"https:\/\/gradido.net\/en\/countries\/afrika\/rwanda\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">Rwanda<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-11798\"><a class=\"elementor-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">America<\/a>\n<ul class=\"sub-menu elementor-nav-menu--dropdown\">\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-12463\"><a href=\"https:\/\/gradido.net\/en\/countries\/usa\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">USA<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-11791\"><a href=\"https:\/\/gradido.net\/en\/countries\/mexico\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">Mexico<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-11800\"><a class=\"elementor-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">Asia<\/a>\n<ul class=\"sub-menu elementor-nav-menu--dropdown\">\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-11794\"><a href=\"https:\/\/gradido.net\/en\/countries\/maledives\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">Maldives<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-11790\"><a href=\"https:\/\/gradido.net\/en\/countries\/philippines\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">Philppines<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-11802\"><a href=\"https:\/\/gradido.net\/en\/countries\/saudi-arabia\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">Saudi Arabia<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-11797\"><a class=\"elementor-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">Europe<\/a>\n<ul class=\"sub-menu elementor-nav-menu--dropdown\">\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-11805\"><a href=\"https:\/\/gradido.net\/en\/countries\/germany\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">Germany<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-11803\"><a href=\"https:\/\/gradido.net\/en\/countries\/greece\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">Greece<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-11788\"><a href=\"https:\/\/gradido.net\/en\/countries\/spain\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">Spain<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-11801\"><a class=\"elementor-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">Oceania<\/a>\n<ul class=\"sub-menu elementor-nav-menu--dropdown\">\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-11793\"><a href=\"https:\/\/gradido.net\/en\/countries\/marshall-islands\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">Marshall Islands<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-11795\"><a href=\"https:\/\/gradido.net\/en\/countries\/tahiti\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">Tahiti<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\t\t\t<\/nav>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6e730ed elementor-widget elementor-widget-breadcrumbs\" data-id=\"6e730ed\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"breadcrumbs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p id=\"breadcrumbs\"><span><span><a href=\"https:\/\/gradido.net\/en\/\">Homepage<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a9db9a5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a9db9a5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\">\u00a0 \u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/gradido.net\/en\/countries\/saudi-arabia\/\"><strong>Main page: Saudi Arabia<\/strong><\/a><\/h2><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/gradido.net\/en\/countries\/saudi-arabia\/social-and-economic-challenges\/\">1. social and economic challenges<\/a><br \/><a href=\"https:\/\/gradido.net\/en\/countries\/saudi-arabia\/education-system\/\">2. education system<\/a><br \/><a href=\"https:\/\/gradido.net\/en\/countries\/saudi-arabia\/environmental-initiatives\/\">3. environmental initiatives<\/a><br \/><strong>4. equality of women and minorities<\/strong><br \/><a href=\"https:\/\/gradido.net\/en\/countries\/saudi-arabia\/artificial-intelligence-and-robotics\/\">5. artificial intelligence and robotics<\/a><br \/><a href=\"https:\/\/gradido.net\/en\/countries\/saudi-arabia\/religion-and-ethical-values\/\">6 Religion and ethical values<\/a><br \/><a href=\"https:\/\/gradido.net\/en\/countries\/saudi-arabia\/tax-system-and-zakat\/\">7 Tax system and Zakat<\/a><br \/><a href=\"https:\/\/gradido.net\/en\/countries\/saudi-arabia\/soft-power\/\">8th International Prestige Win (Soft Power)<\/a><br \/><a href=\"https:\/\/gradido.net\/en\/countries\/saudi-arabia\/integration-and-conflict-management\/\">9. integration and conflict management<\/a><br \/><a href=\"https:\/\/gradido.net\/en\/countries\/saudi-arabia\/ai-nation-for-public-welfare-oriented-cooperation\/\">10th AI nation for cooperation for the common good?<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d7bb196 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"d7bb196\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-146ff9d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"146ff9d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"wiki-page-header-wrapper\"><div class=\"wiki-page-header-wrapper\"><h1 data-pm-slice=\"0 0 []\">How do women and minorities in Saudi Arabia really experience participation and opportunities today?<\/h1><h2>Significant progress, but structural discrimination remains<\/h2><p>Saudi Arabia finds itself in a <strong>Phase of change<\/strong>which is driven by the Vision 2030 and leads to <strong>Remarkable improvements<\/strong> for women, while religious and ethnic minorities are still subject to considerable restrictions.<\/p><h3>Women: Dramatic change with ongoing restrictions<\/h3><h4>Successes in the labor market<\/h4><p>The <strong>Labor force participation of women<\/strong> has increased between 2017 and 2024 <strong>more than doubled<\/strong>. While it was still at 17.4% in 2017, it rose to <strong>35.8% in 2024<\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.talentspring.de\/content\/selbst-saudi-arabien-versteht-allmahlich-ohne-frauen-gehts-nicht-voran\">^1<\/a>. Saudi Arabia has thus already significantly exceeded the original Vision 2030 target of 30%<a href=\"https:\/\/www.focus.de\/politik\/ausland\/saudi-arabien-frauen-starten-durch_id_195100244.html\">^3<\/a>.<\/p><p>Particularly impressive is the ascent in <strong>Management positions<\/strong>: <strong>44% of middle and senior management positions<\/strong> are now occupied by women<a href=\"https:\/\/www.talentspring.de\/content\/selbst-saudi-arabien-versteht-allmahlich-ohne-frauen-gehts-nicht-voran\">^2<\/a>. In the defense industry, a traditionally male sector, there are already <strong>22% of employees female<\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cassis.uni-bonn.de\/pdfs\/publikationsverzeichnis-ulrich-schlie-november-2023.pdf\">^4<\/a>.<\/p><p>The <strong>Unemployment among women<\/strong> has fallen from 20.5% to 15.4% within six months<a href=\"https:\/\/www.focus.de\/politik\/ausland\/saudi-arabien-frauen-starten-durch_id_195100244.html\">^3<\/a>. For youth unemployment (15-24 years) it is 22.2%, compared to 10.6% for young men<a href=\"https:\/\/de.statista.com\/statistik\/daten\/studie\/1409895\/umfrage\/jugendarbeitslosenquote-in-saudi-arabien\/\">^5<\/a>.<\/p><h4>Educational successes<\/h4><p>Women now dominate the <strong>University landscape<\/strong>: <strong>More female students than male students for the first time in 2020<\/strong> enrolled at Saudi universities<a href=\"https:\/\/www.welt-sichten.org\/artikel\/43739\/im-koenigreich-der-widersprueche\">^6<\/a>. In 2014, students were already studying <strong>37% of all women between the ages of 18 and 24<\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/de.statista.com\/statistik\/daten\/studie\/385843\/umfrage\/anteil-der-studentinnen-und-studenten-in-ausgewaehlten-arabischen-laendern\/\">^7<\/a>.<\/p><p>Particularly noteworthy is the success in <strong>MINT subjects<\/strong>: <strong>41.6% of science, technology, engineering and mathematics graduates are women<\/strong> - the fourth highest in the world according to OECD data<a href=\"https:\/\/www.constructionbriefing.com\/de\/news\/eine-bessere-zukunft-fur-frauen-in-saudi-arabien-schaffen\/8041009.article\">^8<\/a>.<\/p><h4>Entrepreneurial activities<\/h4><p>The <strong>Startup ecosystem<\/strong> is increasingly shaped by women. <strong>95% of Saudi women<\/strong> have a very high opinion of the profession of entrepreneur, according to the Kingdom's Women's Report 2021\/22<a href=\"https:\/\/qantara.de\/artikel\/saudi-arabien-frauen-treiben-start-szene\">^9<\/a>. The World Bank attests that Saudi Arabia has created all the necessary conditions for opening up the labor market<a href=\"https:\/\/www.dw.com\/de\/saudi-arabien-frauen-treiben-start-up-szene-an\/a-68625849\">^10<\/a>.<\/p><h3>Persistent structural discrimination<\/h3><h4>The guardianship system continues to exist<\/h4><p>Despite all progress, the <strong>male guardianship system<\/strong> the central point of criticism. The 2022 adopted <strong>Civil Status Act<\/strong> continues to codify discrimination against women in marriage, divorce and custody matters<a href=\"https:\/\/www.mena-watch.com\/saudi-arabien-vorsitz-un-frauenrechtskommission\/\">^11<\/a>.<\/p><p>Women still need the <strong>Authorization of a male guardian for the marriage<\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.amnesty.de\/informieren\/amnesty-report\/saudi-arabien-2024\">^13<\/a>. Marital rape is not punished and divorces are often not accepted by courts<a href=\"https:\/\/taz.de\/Saudi-Arabien-und-die-Frauenrechte\/!5998877\/\">^15<\/a>.<\/p><h4>Repression against activists<\/h4><p>Paradoxically <strong>Women's rights activists systematically persecuted<\/strong>. Loujain al-Hathloul, who fought for the right to drive, was arrested and tortured in 2018 of all years - the year the driving ban was lifted<a href=\"https:\/\/www.amnesty.ch\/de\/ueber-amnesty\/publikationen\/magazin-amnesty\/2024-3\/die-doppelzuengigkeit-gegenueber-frauen\">^11<\/a>. In August 2022, the doctoral student Salma al-Shehab was appointed <strong>34 years imprisonment<\/strong> convicted simply because she had retweeted human rights calls<a href=\"https:\/\/www.focus.de\/politik\/ausland\/frauenrechte-am-golf-trotz-reformen-bleibt-viel-zu-tun_id_181078779.html\">^16<\/a>.<\/p><h4>Gender-related wage differences<\/h4><p>Although labor laws prohibit gender discrimination in salaries, <strong>Women continue to earn less than men<\/strong>. The difference varies between 4% in the public sector and <strong>36% in private companies<\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.focus.de\/politik\/ausland\/saudi-arabien-frauen-starten-durch_id_195100244.html\">^3<\/a>.<\/p><h3>International recognition with critical restrictions<\/h3><h4>Global Gender Gap Index<\/h4><p>Saudi Arabia has <strong>Global Gender Gap Index<\/strong> from rank 147 (2021) to <strong>Rank 126 (2024)<\/strong> improved<a href=\"https:\/\/countryeconomy.com\/demography\/global-gender-gap-index\/saudi-arabia\">^17<\/a>. In the MENA region, it lies with <strong>64,3%<\/strong> in fourth place, behind the UAE (72.4%)<a href=\"https:\/\/de.statista.com\/statistik\/daten\/studie\/1329909\/umfrage\/laender-in-der-mena-region-nach-dem-gender-gap-index\/\">^18<\/a>.<\/p><p>The evaluation shows clear discrepancies: While <strong>Education and health<\/strong> reach almost parity with 0.99 points each, the <strong>Political participation<\/strong> at only 0.077 points<a href=\"https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/1614119\/saudi-arabia-gender-gap-index-by-category\/\">^19<\/a>.<\/p><h4>UN controversy<\/h4><p>The appointment of Saudi Arabia as <strong>Chair of the UN Commission on the Status of Women 2025<\/strong> caused international outrage<a href=\"https:\/\/www.tagesschau.de\/ausland\/saudi-arabien-vorsitz-frauenfoerderung-100.html\">^20<\/a>. Amnesty International described this as a \"shock\" and referred to the country's \"abysmal record\" on women's rights<a href=\"https:\/\/www.mena-watch.com\/saudi-arabien-vorsitz-un-frauenrechtskommission\/\">^12<\/a>.<\/p><h2>Religious and ethnic minorities: Systematic exclusion<\/h2><h3>Shiite Muslims<\/h3><p>The <strong>Shiite minority<\/strong> (about 10-16% of the population) suffers from systematic discrimination<a href=\"https:\/\/eterna.unibas.ch\/bulletin\/article\/download\/1305\/1537\">^22<\/a>. They live mainly in the oil-rich Eastern Province, but are treated by state clerics as <strong>\"Heretics\" and \"apostates\"<\/strong> designated<a href=\"https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/de\/news\/2017\/09\/26\/saudi-arabien-offizielle-hassreden-gegen-minderheiten\">^24<\/a>.<\/p><p><strong>State clergy<\/strong> use derogatory terms such as \"rafidha\" (denier) and stigmatize Shiite practices<a href=\"https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/de\/news\/2017\/09\/26\/saudi-arabien-offizielle-hassreden-gegen-minderheiten\">^24<\/a>. The education system propagates anti-Shia prejudices and Shias are practically excluded from higher government positions<a href=\"https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/de\/news\/2009\/09\/03\/saudi-arabien-gleichbehandlung-fur-schiiten\">^25<\/a>.<\/p><p>Human Rights Watch documented <strong>fierce religious tensions<\/strong> after confrontations between Shiite pilgrims and the religious police in Medina in 2009<a href=\"https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/de\/news\/2009\/09\/03\/saudi-arabien-gleichbehandlung-fur-schiiten\">^25<\/a>. Private Shiite prayer rooms were closed and religious leaders imprisoned.<\/p><h3>Christian minority<\/h3><p>The <strong>public practice of Christianity<\/strong> is completely prohibited<a href=\"https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Christentum_in_Saudi-Arabien\">^26<\/a>. Of the approx. <strong>2.2 million Christians<\/strong> In Saudi Arabia, most of the foreign migrant workers are<a href=\"https:\/\/www.opendoors.de\/sites\/default\/files\/country_dossier\/saudi-arabien_wvi_2024_laenderprofil.pdf\">^27<\/a>.<\/p><p>The possession of religious symbols such as crosses or Bibles is <strong>prohibited under penalty<\/strong>. Churches or other non-Islamic places of worship may not be erected<a href=\"https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Christentum_in_Saudi-Arabien\">^26<\/a>. <strong>Apostasy<\/strong> (conversion from Islam) is theoretically threatened with the death penalty.<\/p><p>In the <strong>World Persecution Index 2024<\/strong> Saudi Arabia stands <strong>13th place<\/strong> of the countries where Christians are most persecuted<a href=\"https:\/\/www.opendoors.de\/sites\/default\/files\/country_dossier\/saudi-arabien_wvi_2024_laenderprofil.pdf\">^27<\/a>. Saudi Arabian converts must keep their faith completely secret.<\/p><h3>LGBTQ+ people<\/h3><p><strong>Homosexuality is a social taboo<\/strong> and is punished with imprisonment, corporal punishment and up to <strong>Death penalty<\/strong> punished<a href=\"https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Homosexualit%C3%A4t_in_Saudi-Arabien\">^28<\/a>. Saudi Arabia is one of the six countries in the world that impose the death penalty for homosexual acts<a href=\"https:\/\/www.lsvd.de\/de\/ct\/1245-LGBT-Rechte-weltweit\">^29<\/a>.<\/p><p>In 2007, two men were each sentenced to <strong>7,000 lashes<\/strong> convicted of homosexual intercourse<a href=\"https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Homosexualit%C3%A4t_in_Saudi-Arabien\">^28<\/a>. In April 2019, five men were executed in this context<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bamf.de\/SharedDocs\/Anlagen\/DE\/Behoerde\/Informationszentrum\/Laenderreporte\/2024\/laenderreport-65-Saudi-Arabien.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&amp;v=7\">^30<\/a>.<\/p><p><strong>LGBT communities<\/strong> cannot exist due to their illegality. An Islamic religious police force monitors social life and forces LGBTQ+ people into social invisibility.<\/p><h3>Migrant workers<\/h3><p>About <strong>4 million people<\/strong> work as domestic workers in Saudi Arabia, exclusively migrant workers<a href=\"https:\/\/www.amnesty.de\/pressemitteilung\/saudi-arabien-kenianische-arbeitsmigrantinnen-ausbeutung-rassismus\">^31<\/a>. The <strong>Kafala system<\/strong> makes them extremely dependent on their employers and encourages systematic racism.<\/p><p>Amnesty International documented 2025 <strong>severe exploitation<\/strong> Kenyan domestic worker: they work more than 16 hours a day, have no day off and are not allowed to leave the house<a href=\"https:\/\/www.amnesty.de\/pressemitteilung\/saudi-arabien-kenianische-arbeitsmigrantinnen-ausbeutung-rassismus\">^31<\/a>. Their passports are confiscated and they often receive no wages.<\/p><p>The average wage is around <strong>0.45 Euro per hour<\/strong>as overtime is not paid<a href=\"https:\/\/www.amnesty.at\/presse\/saudi-arabien-arbeitsmigrantinnen-erfahren-schwere-ausbeutung-missbrauch-und-rassismus\/\">^32<\/a>. Practically all of the women interviewed reported that during their stay <strong>not a single day off<\/strong> to have had.<\/p><h2>Healthcare system: selective exclusion<\/h2><p>The healthcare system shows <strong>Systematic discrimination<\/strong> socially disadvantaged people. Particularly affected are the Shiite minority, foreign guest workers from Asian countries, people infected with HIV, homosexuals and the physically and mentally disabled<a href=\"https:\/\/deutsches-orient-institut.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/DOI-Studie-Gesundheitssystem-in-Saudi-Arabien.pdf\">^33<\/a>.<\/p><p>The <strong>Social stigmatization<\/strong> of these groups leads to a lack of medical care. There is no open discourse on marginalized groups, although the implemented \"National Dialogue\" could bring about improvements here<a href=\"https:\/\/deutsches-orient-institut.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/DOI-Studie-Gesundheitssystem-in-Saudi-Arabien.pdf\">^33<\/a>.<\/p><h2>Signs of hope and contradictions<\/h2><h3>Positive developments<\/h3><p>The <strong>Fortune Most Powerful Women International Summit<\/strong> will be held in Riyadh for the first time in 2025, demonstrating international recognition of progress on women's rights<a href=\"https:\/\/www.presseportal.de\/pm\/179146\/6001043\">^34<\/a>. Saudi Arabian women now own <strong>45% of all patents<\/strong> in the country.<\/p><p>The <strong>First Saudi Arabian female astronaut<\/strong> Rayyanah Barnawi worked on the International Space Station ISS in 2023 and became a symbol of change<a href=\"https:\/\/www.focus.de\/politik\/ausland\/saudi-arabien-frauen-starten-durch_id_195100244.html\">^3<\/a>. Such success stories create role models for young women.<\/p><h3>Structural contradictions<\/h3><p>The <strong>Modernization is authoritarian<\/strong> from above, without social discourse. While women fly into space, women's rights activists spend decades in prison<a href=\"https:\/\/www.focus.de\/politik\/ausland\/frauenrechte-am-golf-trotz-reformen-bleibt-viel-zu-tun_id_181078779.html\">^16<\/a>.<\/p><p>The <strong>Vision 2030<\/strong> describes women as a \"great asset\" that she wants to \"empower\"<a href=\"https:\/\/www.amnesty.ch\/de\/ueber-amnesty\/publikationen\/magazin-amnesty\/2024-3\">^35<\/a>. Critics see this primarily as <strong>economic motives<\/strong> instead of a genuine commitment to equality.<\/p><h2>Conclusion: Between progress and repression<\/h2><p>Saudi Arabia is going through a <strong>Unprecedented transformation<\/strong> in terms of women's rights, which is reflected in dramatic increases in employment, educational success and entrepreneurial activity. These advances are <strong>real and measurable<\/strong>even if they are overshadowed by authoritarian structures and persistent discrimination.<\/p><p>For <strong>Religious and ethnic minorities<\/strong> the situation remains <strong>critical<\/strong>. Shiites, Christians, LGBTQ+ people and migrant workers experience systematic exclusion and persecution, which has not improved despite social modernization.<\/p><p>The change follows a <strong>instrumental logic<\/strong>Women are promoted because the country needs their labor for Vision 2030. However, real social change would also include the rights of all other minorities - a step that Saudi Arabia has not yet dared to take.<\/p><p>The <strong>international community<\/strong> faces the dilemma of recognizing the undeniable progress made in women's rights without overlooking the ongoing human rights violations. Saudi Arabia's path shows that even authoritarian systems can bring about dramatic social change - but only in areas that serve their strategic goals.<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><div><hr \/><\/div><h1>Supplementary assessment from a Gradido perspective<\/h1><p>The analysis provides a valuable basis for the Gradido country project - even beyond the topic of gender equality.<\/p><div><hr \/><\/div><h3>Women: Between remarkable progress and persistent discrimination<\/h3><ul data-tight=\"true\"><li><p><strong>Working life &amp; education:<\/strong><br \/>The employment rate for women has more than doubled in just a few years and now stands at around 36 %. Women are now also achieving remarkable figures in management positions and STEM education worldwide. Women are shaping the start-up scene, and these developments are also being noticed internationally.<\/p><\/li><li><p><strong>Structural boundaries:<\/strong><br \/>Despite this dynamic, the male guardianship system and numerous legal restrictions persist. Wage differences, structural barriers and the persecution of female activists still stand in the way of equal rights.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><div><hr \/><\/div><h3>Minorities: Persistent exclusion and discrimination<\/h3><ul data-tight=\"true\"><li><p><strong>Religious minorities<\/strong> (especially Shiites and Christians) experience considerable discrimination and sometimes open repression. The public practice of religion is de facto not permitted - except in Sunni Islam.<\/p><\/li><li><p><strong>LGBTQ+ people<\/strong> are affected by social and state repression, including the death penalty.<\/p><\/li><li><p><strong>Migrant workers<\/strong> (especially domestic workers) are subject to massive dependency and are often exploited; protection mechanisms and rights are largely lacking.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><div><hr \/><\/div><h3>Structural contradictions &amp; international assessment<\/h3><p>The enormous push towards modernization (e.g. in women's rights, education, start-ups) is strongly motivated by economic and political goals and is taking place without far-reaching social liberalization. The successes are real, but not free of ambivalence: While economic emancipation and role models are being created, equality remains patchy in many areas of life and political freedoms are severely restricted.<\/p><div><hr \/><\/div><h3>Hope and impetus for Gradido<\/h3><ul data-tight=\"true\"><li><p><strong>Picking up on the positive:<\/strong><br \/>Gradido can pick up where progress has already borne fruit: in the promotion of livelihood security, education, social participation and lived equality.<\/p><\/li><li><p><strong>Empathy and recognition:<\/strong><br \/>It is important to acknowledge existing reforms, but also to have the courage to point out remaining assumptions and open wounds.<\/p><\/li><li><p><strong>Building bridges:<\/strong><br \/>Bridges between tradition and new beginnings, between economic modernization and genuine social inclusion, are the key - Gradido can provide impetus for the participation and appreciation of all people on the basis of the common good and universal human dignity.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><div><hr \/><\/div><p>This research shows impressively that a lot is happening and much remains to be done. The ambivalence between rapid modernization and ongoing control mechanisms also challenges our appreciative attention and creativity.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Gleichstellung von Frauen und Minderheiten \u00a0 \u00a0Hauptseite: Saudi-Arabien 1. Soziale und wirtschaftliche Herausforderungen2. Bildungssystem3. Umweltinitiativen4. Gleichstellung von Frauen und Minderheiten5. K\u00fcnstliche Intelligenz und Robotik6. Religion und ethische Werte7. Steuersystem und Zakat8. Internationaler Prestigegewinn (Soft Power)9. Integration und Konfliktmanagement10. KI-Nation f\u00fcr gemeinwohlorientiertes Miteinander? Wie erleben Frauen und Minderheiten in Saudi-Arabien heute wirklich Teilhabe und Chancen? 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