{"id":11058,"date":"2025-08-13T08:43:57","date_gmt":"2025-08-13T06:43:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/gradido.net\/?page_id=11058"},"modified":"2025-10-04T12:04:42","modified_gmt":"2025-10-04T10:04:42","slug":"social-and-economic-challenges","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/gradido.net\/fr\/countries\/saudi-arabia\/social-and-economic-challenges\/","title":{"rendered":"D\u00e9fis sociaux et \u00e9conomiques en Arabie saoudite"},"content":{"rendered":"<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"11058\" class=\"elementor elementor-11058\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4ce3e8af elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4ce3e8af\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-no\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-efa8c8c\" data-id=\"efa8c8c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e088aa4 elementor--h-position-center elementor--v-position-middle elementor-arrows-position-inside elementor-widget elementor-widget-slides\" data-id=\"e088aa4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;navigation&quot;:&quot;arrows&quot;,&quot;autoplay&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;pause_on_hover&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;pause_on_interaction&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;autoplay_speed&quot;:5000,&quot;infinite&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;transition&quot;:&quot;slide&quot;,&quot;transition_speed&quot;:500}\" data-widget_type=\"slides.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-swiper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-slides-wrapper elementor-main-swiper swiper\" role=\"region\" aria-roledescription=\"carousel\" aria-label=\"Slider\" dir=\"ltr\" data-animation=\"fadeInUp\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"swiper-wrapper elementor-slides\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-repeater-item-2de4990 swiper-slide\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\"><div class=\"swiper-slide-bg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"saudi-arabia-7375729_1280\"><\/div><div class=\"swiper-slide-inner\" ><div class=\"swiper-slide-contents\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"elementor-repeater-item-28f126e swiper-slide\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\"><div class=\"swiper-slide-bg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"mecca-66966_1280\"><\/div><div class=\"swiper-slide-inner\" ><div class=\"swiper-slide-contents\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"elementor-repeater-item-992da35 swiper-slide\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\"><div class=\"swiper-slide-bg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"mecca-1050478_1280\"><\/div><div class=\"swiper-slide-inner\" ><div class=\"swiper-slide-contents\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"elementor-repeater-item-1a67a9d swiper-slide\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\"><div class=\"swiper-slide-bg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"prophet-2249759_1280\"><\/div><div class=\"swiper-slide-inner\" ><div class=\"swiper-slide-contents\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"elementor-repeater-item-2799f50 swiper-slide\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\"><div class=\"swiper-slide-bg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"saudi-arabia-8880043_1280\"><\/div><div class=\"swiper-slide-inner\" ><div class=\"swiper-slide-contents\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"elementor-repeater-item-22adf08 swiper-slide\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\"><div class=\"swiper-slide-bg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"camel-train-3408458_1280\"><\/div><div class=\"swiper-slide-inner\" ><div class=\"swiper-slide-contents\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-swiper-button elementor-swiper-button-prev\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Diapositive pr\u00e9c\u00e9dente\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"eicon-chevron-left\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-swiper-button elementor-swiper-button-next\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Diapositive suivante\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"eicon-chevron-right\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-240baa7a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"240baa7a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-1afe9e42\" data-id=\"1afe9e42\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-65bd50ae elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"65bd50ae\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">D\u00e9fis sociaux et \u00e9conomiques<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-446540f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"446540f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-312a2d3\" data-id=\"312a2d3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61eedfd elementor-nav-menu--dropdown-tablet elementor-nav-menu__text-align-aside elementor-nav-menu--toggle elementor-nav-menu--burger elementor-widget elementor-widget-nav-menu\" data-id=\"61eedfd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;layout&quot;:&quot;horizontal&quot;,&quot;submenu_icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;&lt;i class=\\&quot;fas fa-caret-down\\&quot; aria-hidden=\\&quot;true\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/i&gt;&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;},&quot;toggle&quot;:&quot;burger&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"nav-menu.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<nav aria-label=\"Recherche sur les pays\" class=\"elementor-nav-menu--main elementor-nav-menu__container elementor-nav-menu--layout-horizontal e--pointer-underline e--animation-grow\">\n\t\t\t\t<ul id=\"menu-1-61eedfd\" class=\"elementor-nav-menu\"><li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-12305\"><a class=\"elementor-item\">Afrique<\/a>\n<ul class=\"sub-menu elementor-nav-menu--dropdown\">\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-12253\"><a href=\"https:\/\/gradido.net\/fr\/countries\/afrika\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\">Afrique, ensemble du continent<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13097\"><a href=\"https:\/\/gradido.net\/fr\/countries\/afrika\/dr-congo\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\">R\u00e9publique d\u00e9mocratique du Congo<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-12414\"><a href=\"https:\/\/gradido.net\/fr\/countries\/afrika\/kenya\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\">Kenya<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-12737\"><a href=\"https:\/\/gradido.net\/fr\/countries\/afrika\/madagascar\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\">Madagascar<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-12148\"><a href=\"https:\/\/gradido.net\/fr\/countries\/afrika\/namibia\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\">Namibie<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-12839\"><a href=\"https:\/\/gradido.net\/fr\/countries\/afrika\/rwanda\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\">Rwanda<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-11798\"><a class=\"elementor-item\">Am\u00e9rique<\/a>\n<ul class=\"sub-menu elementor-nav-menu--dropdown\">\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-12463\"><a href=\"https:\/\/gradido.net\/fr\/countries\/usa\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\">USA<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-11791\"><a href=\"https:\/\/gradido.net\/fr\/countries\/mexico\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\">Mexique<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-11800\"><a class=\"elementor-item\">Asie<\/a>\n<ul class=\"sub-menu elementor-nav-menu--dropdown\">\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-11794\"><a href=\"https:\/\/gradido.net\/fr\/countries\/maledives\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\">Maldives<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-11790\"><a href=\"https:\/\/gradido.net\/fr\/countries\/philippines\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\">Philppines<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-11802\"><a href=\"https:\/\/gradido.net\/fr\/countries\/saudi-arabia\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\">Arabie saoudite<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-11797\"><a class=\"elementor-item\">Europe<\/a>\n<ul class=\"sub-menu elementor-nav-menu--dropdown\">\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-11805\"><a href=\"https:\/\/gradido.net\/fr\/countries\/germany\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\">Allemagne<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-11803\"><a href=\"https:\/\/gradido.net\/fr\/countries\/greece\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\">Gr\u00e8ce<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-11788\"><a href=\"https:\/\/gradido.net\/fr\/countries\/spain\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\">Espagne<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-11801\"><a class=\"elementor-item\">Oc\u00e9anie<\/a>\n<ul class=\"sub-menu elementor-nav-menu--dropdown\">\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-11793\"><a href=\"https:\/\/gradido.net\/fr\/countries\/marshall-islands\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\">\u00celes Marshall<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-11795\"><a href=\"https:\/\/gradido.net\/fr\/countries\/tahiti\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\">Tahiti<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\t\t\t<\/nav>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-menu-toggle\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Permuter le menu\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" role=\"presentation\" class=\"elementor-menu-toggle__icon--open eicon-menu-bar\"><\/i><i aria-hidden=\"true\" role=\"presentation\" class=\"elementor-menu-toggle__icon--close eicon-close\"><\/i>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<nav class=\"elementor-nav-menu--dropdown elementor-nav-menu__container\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t<ul id=\"menu-2-61eedfd\" class=\"elementor-nav-menu\"><li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-12305\"><a class=\"elementor-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">Afrique<\/a>\n<ul class=\"sub-menu elementor-nav-menu--dropdown\">\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-12253\"><a href=\"https:\/\/gradido.net\/fr\/countries\/afrika\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">Afrique, ensemble du continent<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13097\"><a href=\"https:\/\/gradido.net\/fr\/countries\/afrika\/dr-congo\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">R\u00e9publique d\u00e9mocratique du Congo<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-12414\"><a href=\"https:\/\/gradido.net\/fr\/countries\/afrika\/kenya\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">Kenya<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-12737\"><a href=\"https:\/\/gradido.net\/fr\/countries\/afrika\/madagascar\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">Madagascar<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-12148\"><a href=\"https:\/\/gradido.net\/fr\/countries\/afrika\/namibia\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">Namibie<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-12839\"><a href=\"https:\/\/gradido.net\/fr\/countries\/afrika\/rwanda\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">Rwanda<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-11798\"><a class=\"elementor-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">Am\u00e9rique<\/a>\n<ul class=\"sub-menu elementor-nav-menu--dropdown\">\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-12463\"><a href=\"https:\/\/gradido.net\/fr\/countries\/usa\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">USA<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-11791\"><a href=\"https:\/\/gradido.net\/fr\/countries\/mexico\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">Mexique<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-11800\"><a class=\"elementor-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">Asie<\/a>\n<ul class=\"sub-menu elementor-nav-menu--dropdown\">\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-11794\"><a href=\"https:\/\/gradido.net\/fr\/countries\/maledives\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">Maldives<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-11790\"><a href=\"https:\/\/gradido.net\/fr\/countries\/philippines\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">Philppines<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-11802\"><a href=\"https:\/\/gradido.net\/fr\/countries\/saudi-arabia\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">Arabie saoudite<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-11797\"><a class=\"elementor-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">Europe<\/a>\n<ul class=\"sub-menu elementor-nav-menu--dropdown\">\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-11805\"><a href=\"https:\/\/gradido.net\/fr\/countries\/germany\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">Allemagne<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-11803\"><a href=\"https:\/\/gradido.net\/fr\/countries\/greece\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">Gr\u00e8ce<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-11788\"><a href=\"https:\/\/gradido.net\/fr\/countries\/spain\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">Espagne<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-11801\"><a class=\"elementor-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">Oc\u00e9anie<\/a>\n<ul class=\"sub-menu elementor-nav-menu--dropdown\">\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-11793\"><a href=\"https:\/\/gradido.net\/fr\/countries\/marshall-islands\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">\u00celes Marshall<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-11795\"><a href=\"https:\/\/gradido.net\/fr\/countries\/tahiti\/\" class=\"elementor-sub-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">Tahiti<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\t\t\t<\/nav>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-20ebfd5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-breadcrumbs\" data-id=\"20ebfd5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"breadcrumbs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p id=\"breadcrumbs\"><span><span><a href=\"https:\/\/gradido.net\/fr\/\">Page d'accueil<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a9db9a5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a9db9a5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\">\u00a0 \u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/gradido.net\/fr\/countries\/saudi-arabia\/\"><strong>Page d'accueil : Arabie saoudite<\/strong><\/a><\/h2><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>1. d\u00e9fis sociaux et \u00e9conomiques<\/strong><br \/><a href=\"https:\/\/gradido.net\/fr\/countries\/saudi-arabia\/education-system\/\">2. syst\u00e8me \u00e9ducatif<\/a><br \/><a href=\"https:\/\/gradido.net\/fr\/countries\/saudi-arabia\/environmental-initiatives\/\">3. initiatives environnementales<\/a><br \/><a href=\"https:\/\/gradido.net\/fr\/countries\/saudi-arabia\/equality-for-women-and-minorities\/\">4. \u00e9galit\u00e9 des femmes et des minorit\u00e9s<\/a><br \/><a href=\"https:\/\/gradido.net\/fr\/countries\/saudi-arabia\/artificial-intelligence-and-robotics\/\">5. l'intelligence artificielle et la robotique<\/a><br \/><a href=\"https:\/\/gradido.net\/fr\/countries\/saudi-arabia\/religion-and-ethical-values\/\">6. religion et valeurs \u00e9thiques<\/a><br \/><a href=\"https:\/\/gradido.net\/fr\/countries\/saudi-arabia\/tax-system-and-zakat\/\">7. syst\u00e8me fiscal et zakat<\/a><br \/><a href=\"https:\/\/gradido.net\/fr\/countries\/saudi-arabia\/soft-power\/\">8. gain de prestige international (soft power)<\/a><br \/><a href=\"https:\/\/gradido.net\/fr\/countries\/saudi-arabia\/integration-and-conflict-management\/\">9. int\u00e9gration et gestion des conflits<\/a><br \/><a href=\"https:\/\/gradido.net\/fr\/countries\/saudi-arabia\/ai-nation-for-public-welfare-oriented-cooperation\/\">10e nation d'IA pour une coexistence ax\u00e9e sur l'int\u00e9r\u00eat g\u00e9n\u00e9ral ?<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d7bb196 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"d7bb196\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-146ff9d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"146ff9d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"wiki-page-header-wrapper\"><div class=\"wiki-page-header-wrapper\"><h1 data-pm-slice=\"0 0 []\">D\u00e9fis sociaux et \u00e9conomiques actuels en Arabie saoudite<\/h1><p>L'Arabie saoudite, malgr\u00e9 ses ambitions <strong>Vision 2030<\/strong> est confront\u00e9 \u00e0 des d\u00e9fis structurels consid\u00e9rables, qui concernent \u00e0 la fois la diversification \u00e9conomique et la transformation de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9. Le royaume se trouve dans une phase de transition critique entre sa d\u00e9pendance traditionnelle au p\u00e9trole et une \u00e9conomie d'avenir diversifi\u00e9e.<\/p><h2>D\u00e9fis \u00e9conomiques<\/h2><h3>Aggravation de la crise budg\u00e9taire<\/h3><p>L'Arabie saoudite conna\u00eet une <strong>d\u00e9t\u00e9rioration dramatique de ses finances publiques<\/strong>. Au premier trimestre 2025, le royaume a enregistr\u00e9 un d\u00e9ficit budg\u00e9taire de 58,7 milliards de riyals saoudiens (15,7 milliards de dollars), le plus \u00e9lev\u00e9 depuis 2021.<a href=\"https:\/\/www.gzeromedia.com\/graphic-truth\/saudi-arabia-s-oil-price-problem\">^1<\/a>. En trois mois, l'Arabie saoudite avait d\u00e9j\u00e0 atteint plus de la moiti\u00e9 du d\u00e9ficit de 101 milliards de riyals pr\u00e9vu pour l'ensemble de l'ann\u00e9e 2025.<a href=\"https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/2599627\/business-economy\">^1<\/a>.<\/p><p>Le site <strong>Les recettes p\u00e9troli\u00e8res ont chut\u00e9 de 17,65 pour cent<\/strong> par rapport \u00e0 l'ann\u00e9e pr\u00e9c\u00e9dente, \u00e0 149,81 milliards de riyals, principalement en raison des r\u00e9ductions de production de l'OPEP+.<a href=\"https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/2599627\/business-economy\">^1<\/a>. Goldman Sachs pr\u00e9vient que si les prix du p\u00e9trole restent bas, le d\u00e9ficit pourrait atteindre 67 milliards de dollars - plus du double des pr\u00e9visions initiales du gouvernement<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/news\/articles\/2025-05-05\/saudi-arabia-s-budget-deficit-soared-even-before-oil-s-slump\">^3<\/a>.<\/p><h3>D\u00e9pendance critique au prix du p\u00e9trole<\/h3><p>L'Arabie saoudite a besoin d'un <strong>Un prix du p\u00e9trole sup\u00e9rieur \u00e0 90 dollars le baril<\/strong>pour \u00e9quilibrer son budget<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2025\/04\/10\/goldman-sachs-tanking-oil-prices-could-double-saudi-arabias-deficit.html\">^5<\/a>. En r\u00e9alit\u00e9, le point mort se situe \u00e0 plus de 100 dollars, si l'on tient compte des d\u00e9penses du Fonds d'investissement public (FIP) pour les m\u00e9gaprojets.<a href=\"https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/why-saudi-arabia-can-spend-more-money-it-makes-oil-prices-drop\">^6<\/a>. En fait, le prix moyen du p\u00e9trole au premier trimestre 2025 n'\u00e9tait que de 61 dollars US<a href=\"https:\/\/www.gtai.de\/de\/trade\/saudi-arabien-wirtschaft\/wirtschaftsausblick\">^5<\/a>.<\/p><p>Cette disparit\u00e9 oblige le royaume \u00e0 <strong>un recours massif \u00e0 l'emprunt<\/strong>. La dette totale a atteint 1,22 billion de riyals (26,2 % du PIB) en 2024.<a href=\"https:\/\/www.zawya.com\/en\/economy\/gcc\/saudi-arabia-posts-deficit-of-3083bln-in-2024-finance-ministry-says-lquj1m55\">^7<\/a>Les analystes s'attendent \u00e0 ce que l'Arabie saoudite \u00e9mette au moins 10 milliards de dollars d'obligations suppl\u00e9mentaires.<a href=\"https:\/\/www.agbi.com\/analysis\/economy\/2025\/06\/saudi-arabia-will-issue-more-debt-to-meet-budget-shortfall\/\">^9<\/a>.<\/p><h3>M\u00e9gaprojets probl\u00e9matiques<\/h3><p>Le projet phare <strong>NEOM<\/strong> est en train de devenir un d\u00e9sastre financier. Selon un audit interne, le co\u00fbt total pourrait atteindre des sommes astronomiques d'ici 2080. <strong>8,8 billions de dollars am\u00e9ricains<\/strong> plus de 25 fois le budget annuel de l'Arabie saoudite.<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ndtv.com\/world-news\/saudi-arabia-neom-the-line-50-billion-spent-what-went-wrong-at-saudi-arabias-sci-fi-desert-paradise-7898670\">^10<\/a>. Plus de 50 milliards de dollars ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 \u00e9t\u00e9 investis, sans r\u00e9sultats substantiels.<a href=\"https:\/\/techcrunch.com\/2025\/03\/09\/neom-is-reportedly-turning-into-a-financial-disaster-except-for-mckinsey-co\/\">^10<\/a>.<\/p><p><strong>La ligne<\/strong>Le projet NEOM, qui est au c\u0153ur du projet, a d\u00fb \u00eatre consid\u00e9rablement r\u00e9duit : de 170 kilom\u00e8tres de long, il est pass\u00e9 \u00e0 seulement 2,4 kilom\u00e8tres, soit une r\u00e9duction de 98,6%.<a href=\"https:\/\/economictimes.com\/news\/new-updates\/saudi-arabia-neom-vs-dubai-how-prince-mohammed-bin-salmans-8-8-trillion-futuristic-city-fading-into-the-sands\/articleshow\/118876425.cms\">^12<\/a>. Le projet souffre d'une infrastructure insuffisante, d'une p\u00e9nurie de main-d'\u0153uvre et d'un manque d'\u00e9lectricit\u00e9.<a href=\"https:\/\/techcrunch.com\/2025\/03\/09\/neom-is-reportedly-turning-into-a-financial-disaster-except-for-mckinsey-co\/\">^10<\/a>.<\/p><h3>Crise immobili\u00e8re et inflation<\/h3><p>L'Arabie saoudite conna\u00eet une <strong>explosion dramatique des prix de l'immobilier<\/strong>qui contribue aux in\u00e9galit\u00e9s sociales. \u00c0 Riyad, les prix des logements ont augment\u00e9 de pr\u00e8s de 11 % en 2024, pour atteindre environ 1 500 dollars US par m\u00e8tre carr\u00e9.<a href=\"https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/business\/property\/2025\/02\/26\/saudi-arabia-s-housing-market-challenged-with-soaring-prices-high-borrowing-costs\">^14<\/a>. Les loyers des logements ont augment\u00e9 de 9,7 % au niveau national, les loyers des villas ayant progress\u00e9 de 7,7 %.<a href=\"https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/2597104\/business-economy\">^15<\/a>.<\/p><p>Ce <strong>Crise du logement<\/strong> fait grimper l'inflation \u00e0 2,3 %, les frais de logement repr\u00e9sentant 25,5 % de l'indice des prix \u00e0 la consommation<a href=\"https:\/\/www.arabnews.com\/node\/2590407\/business-economy\">^17<\/a>. De nombreux primo-acc\u00e9dants sont exclus du march\u00e9 : La demande des primo-acc\u00e9dants est pass\u00e9e de 40% en 2023 \u00e0 seulement 29% en 2024<a href=\"https:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/business\/property\/2025\/02\/26\/saudi-arabia-s-housing-market-challenged-with-soaring-prices-high-borrowing-costs\">^14<\/a>.<\/p><h2>D\u00e9fis sociaux<\/h2><h3>Ch\u00f4mage et p\u00e9nurie de main-d'\u0153uvre qualifi\u00e9e<\/h3><p>Malgr\u00e9 des am\u00e9liorations, la <strong>Le ch\u00f4mage des jeunes est critique<\/strong>. Chez les 15-24 ans, elle est de 13,77%.<a href=\"https:\/\/tradingeconomics.com\/saudi-arabia\/unemployment-youth-total-percent-of-total-labor-force-ages-15-24-modeled-ilo-estimate-wb-data.html\">^18<\/a>ce qui est nettement sup\u00e9rieur \u00e0 la moyenne mondiale. Une \u00e9tude de Korn Ferry pr\u00e9voit une p\u00e9nurie de 663 000 travailleurs qualifi\u00e9s d'ici 2030.<a href=\"https:\/\/www.qureos.com\/hiring-guide\/the-talent-crisis-in-saudi-arabia-challenges-and-solutions\">^20<\/a>.<\/p><p>Le site <strong>\"Guerres des salaries\"<\/strong> Les jeunes dipl\u00f4m\u00e9s du secteur priv\u00e9 ont vu leur salaire augmenter de 30 % et certains ont re\u00e7u des offres avec des salaires 60 % plus \u00e9lev\u00e9s.<a href=\"https:\/\/www.qureos.com\/hiring-guide\/the-talent-crisis-in-saudi-arabia-challenges-and-solutions\">^20<\/a>. Cela entra\u00eene des co\u00fbts consid\u00e9rables pour les entreprises et d\u00e9stabilise le march\u00e9 du travail.<\/p><h3>Probl\u00e8mes persistants en mati\u00e8re de droits des femmes<\/h3><p>Bien que l'Arabie saoudite ait introduit des r\u00e9formes, <strong>les femmes restent syst\u00e9matiquement discrimin\u00e9es<\/strong>. La loi sur le statut personnel, adopt\u00e9e en 2022, continue de codifier le syst\u00e8me de tutelle masculin et de restreindre les droits des femmes en mati\u00e8re de mariage, de divorce et de garde d'enfants.<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Women's_rights_in_Saudi_Arabia\">^21<\/a>.<\/p><p>Le site <strong>Ch\u00f4mage des femmes<\/strong> est de 14,2%, soit nettement plus que les hommes avec 4,2%.<a href=\"https:\/\/www.stats.gov.sa\/en\/w\/gastat-unemployment-rate-for-total-population-in-kingdom-stabilizes-at-3.5-in-q1-2024\">^23<\/a>. Malgr\u00e9 l'augmentation du taux d'activit\u00e9 des femmes (35,8 %), il reste inf\u00e9rieur de 30 points \u00e0 celui des hommes<a href=\"https:\/\/thedocs.worldbank.org\/en\/doc\/65cf93926fdb3ea23b72f277fc249a72-0500042021\/related\/mpo-sau.pdf\">^24<\/a>.<\/p><h3>Violations des droits de l'homme<\/h3><p><strong>Travailleurs migrants<\/strong>Les femmes, notamment les employ\u00e9es de maison, sont gravement exploit\u00e9es. Amnesty International a recueilli des informations sur les mauvais traitements syst\u00e9matiques inflig\u00e9s aux travailleurs domestiques k\u00e9nyans, qui doivent travailler plus de 16 heures par jour, n'ont pas de jour de cong\u00e9 et se voient confisquer leur passeport.<a href=\"https:\/\/www.amnesty.de\/informieren\/amnesty-report\/saudi-arabien-2024\">^25<\/a>.<\/p><p>Le <strong>Syst\u00e8me Kafala<\/strong> rend les travailleurs migrants extr\u00eamement d\u00e9pendants de leurs employeurs et favorise le racisme syst\u00e9matique<a href=\"https:\/\/www.amnesty.de\/pressemitteilung\/saudi-arabien-kenianische-arbeitsmigrantinnen-ausbeutung-rassismus\">^25<\/a>. Environ 4 millions de personnes travaillent comme domestiques en Arabie saoudite, exclusivement des travailleurs migrants.<a href=\"https:\/\/www.amnesty.de\/pressemitteilung\/saudi-arabien-kenianische-arbeitsmigrantinnen-ausbeutung-rassismus\">^25<\/a>.<\/p><h3>Tensions sociales<\/h3><p>Le site <strong>des changements sociaux rapides<\/strong> sous le prince h\u00e9ritier Mohammed bin Salman cr\u00e9ent des tensions sociales. Alors que le gouvernement encourage les divertissements et la vie nocturne pour retenir les jeunes<a href=\"https:\/\/www.tagesschau.de\/ausland\/asien\/saudi-arabien-veraenderung-nachtleben-100.html\">^27<\/a>Le syst\u00e8me politique reste autoritaire.<\/p><p><strong>D\u00e9fenseurs des droits de l'homme<\/strong> continuent d'\u00eatre pers\u00e9cut\u00e9s, arr\u00eat\u00e9s arbitrairement et condamn\u00e9s \u00e0 de longues peines de prison<a href=\"https:\/\/www.amnesty.de\/informieren\/amnesty-report\/saudi-arabien-2024\">^26<\/a>. Les autorit\u00e9s surveillent \u00e9troitement les m\u00e9dias sociaux et arr\u00eatent des personnes pour avoir \u00e9mis des critiques.<a href=\"https:\/\/www.auswaertiges-amt.de\/de\/service\/laender\/saudiarabien-node\/saudiarabiensicherheit-202298\">^28<\/a>.<\/p><h2>Probl\u00e8mes structurels de la Vision 2030<\/h2><h3>D\u00e9ficit de financement<\/h3><p>Le site <strong>Vision 2030<\/strong> est confront\u00e9 \u00e0 d'\u00e9normes probl\u00e8mes de financement. Le fonds d'investissement public (PIF) a vu ses b\u00e9n\u00e9fices chuter de 60 % en 2024, pour atteindre seulement 6,9 milliards de dollars.<a href=\"https:\/\/www.middleeasteye.net\/news\/saudi-public-investment-funds-profits-plunge-60-percent\">^29<\/a>. Les investissements directs \u00e9trangers n'atteignent que 33 milliards de dollars par an au lieu des 100 milliards vis\u00e9s.<a href=\"https:\/\/www.lemonde.fr\/en\/economy\/article\/2024\/03\/21\/saudi-arabia-takes-on-debt-to-finance-its-megaprojects_6639855_19.html\">^30<\/a>.<\/p><h3>D\u00e9pendance aux d\u00e9penses publiques<\/h3><p>Le site <strong>Diversification \u00e9conomique<\/strong> reste fortement guid\u00e9e par l'\u00c9tat. Sans m\u00e9gaprojets \u00e9tatiques, le secteur de la construction n'aurait gu\u00e8re progress\u00e9<a href=\"https:\/\/nax.bak.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/3\/2024\/12\/Studie-NAX-Saudi-Arabien_21439.pdf\">^31<\/a>. Les entreprises priv\u00e9es signalent un allongement des cycles de paiement pour les contrats gouvernementaux, ce qui entra\u00eene des probl\u00e8mes de liquidit\u00e9s.<a href=\"https:\/\/www.semafor.com\/article\/03\/21\/2025\/analysis-sustaining-momentum-is-the-next-challenge-for-saudi-vision-2030\">^32<\/a>.<\/p><h3>Probl\u00e8mes de productivit\u00e9<\/h3><p>L'Arabie saoudite souffre <strong>un manque de croissance de la productivit\u00e9<\/strong>ce qui menace l'agenda de la diversification<a href=\"https:\/\/thedocs.worldbank.org\/en\/doc\/65cf93926fdb3ea23b72f277fc249a72-0500042021\/related\/mpo-sau.pdf\">^24<\/a>. La mentalit\u00e9 traditionnelle de la population en mati\u00e8re de subventions rend difficile la transition vers une \u00e9conomie bas\u00e9e sur la performance<a href=\"https:\/\/journal.umy.ac.id\/index.php\/jiwp\/article\/view\/14579\/pdf\">^33<\/a>.<\/p><h2>D\u00e9fis internationaux<\/h2><h3>Risques de r\u00e9putation<\/h3><p>Arabie saoudite <strong>Bilan des droits de l'homme<\/strong> d\u00e9courage les investisseurs internationaux. Le pays continue d'appliquer la peine de mort pour les d\u00e9lits li\u00e9s \u00e0 la drogue et ne tol\u00e8re pas l'opposition politique.<a href=\"https:\/\/www.amnesty.de\/informieren\/amnesty-report\/saudi-arabien-2024\">^26<\/a>. La nomination de l'Arabie saoudite \u00e0 la t\u00eate de la Commission des droits de la femme des Nations unies en 2025 a suscit\u00e9 l'indignation internationale<a href=\"https:\/\/unwatch.org\/outrage-as-saudi-arabia-chairs-u-n-womens-rights-commission\/\">^34<\/a>.<\/p><h3>Instabilit\u00e9 r\u00e9gionale<\/h3><p>Le site <strong>les tensions g\u00e9opolitiques<\/strong> avec l'Iran p\u00e8sent sur l'\u00e9conomie. Le d\u00e9troit d'Ormuz, par lequel transite un cinqui\u00e8me du p\u00e9trole brut mondial, reste un risque strat\u00e9gique<a href=\"https:\/\/www.gtai.de\/de\/trade\/saudi-arabien-wirtschaft\/wirtschaftsausblick\">^5<\/a>. Un blocage pourrait faire grimper les prix du p\u00e9trole \u00e0 100-150 dollars US<a href=\"https:\/\/www.gtai.de\/de\/trade\/saudi-arabien-wirtschaft\/wirtschaftsausblick\">^5<\/a>.<\/p><h2>Conclusion<\/h2><p>L'Arabie saoudite se trouve \u00e0 un tournant critique. Alors que la Vision 2030 montre des progr\u00e8s dans certains domaines, des d\u00e9ficits budg\u00e9taires massifs, des m\u00e9gaprojets avort\u00e9s et des probl\u00e8mes sociaux persistants menacent la transformation \u00e9conomique. Le royaume doit revoir drastiquement ses d\u00e9penses et mettre en \u0153uvre de v\u00e9ritables r\u00e9formes structurelles afin d'atteindre ses objectifs ambitieux tout en garantissant la stabilit\u00e9 sociale.<\/p><div><hr \/><\/div><h1>Appr\u00e9ciation compl\u00e9mentaire du point de vue de Gradido<\/h1><p>Cette compilation met en \u00e9vidence de mani\u00e8re impressionnante les interactions complexes entre la transformation \u00e9conomique, les changements sociaux et les multiples zones de tension du pays.<\/p><div><hr \/><\/div><h3>Ce que l'analyse signifie pour nous<\/h3><p><strong>1. profondeur &amp; complexit\u00e9 :<\/strong><br \/>Le texte montre clairement qu'il ne suffit pas de rassembler des faits \"superficiels\". Les d\u00e9fis sociaux, \u00e9conomiques et culturels sont \u00e9troitement li\u00e9s - et exigent un apprentissage mutuel et r\u00e9ciproque sur un pied d'\u00e9galit\u00e9.<\/p><p><strong>2. le royaume \u00e0 la crois\u00e9e des chemins<\/strong><br \/>L'Arabie saoudite vit un num\u00e9ro d'\u00e9quilibriste historique : entre modernisation et tradition, entre investissements gigantesques et risques budg\u00e9taires, entre renouveau social et contr\u00f4le autoritaire. Cette ambivalence est \u00e0 la fois un d\u00e9fi et une opportunit\u00e9.<\/p><p><strong>3. espace pour Gradido :<\/strong><br \/>C'est justement cette \"p\u00e9riode de seuil\" qui est faite pour les points forts de Gradido :<\/p><ul data-tight=\"true\"><li><p><strong>Couverture des besoins vitaux et participation<\/strong> pour tous les groupes<\/p><\/li><li><p><strong>Construction de ponts<\/strong> entre les valeurs culturelles (par exemple la zakat) et l'innovation \u00e9conomique<\/p><\/li><li><p><strong>Encourager une v\u00e9ritable diversification<\/strong> - non seulement \u00e9conomique, mais aussi social et \u00e9thique<\/p><\/li><li><p><strong>Facteurs mous<\/strong> comme la r\u00e9conciliation, la dignit\u00e9, la communaut\u00e9 peuvent devenir ici des mod\u00e8les particuliers<\/p><\/li><\/ul><p><strong>4. potentiel d'inspiration :<\/strong><br \/>Cette repr\u00e9sentation permet de voir o\u00f9 se trouvent les v\u00e9ritables racines des probl\u00e8mes - et o\u00f9 Gradido, en tant que partie int\u00e9grante de la Vision 2030, peut apporter une v\u00e9ritable gu\u00e9rison, une innovation et une inspiration mondiale.<\/p><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Soziale und wirtschaftliche Herausforderungen \u00a0 \u00a0Hauptseite: Saudi-Arabien 1. Soziale und wirtschaftliche Herausforderungen2. Bildungssystem3. Umweltinitiativen4. Gleichstellung von Frauen und Minderheiten5. K\u00fcnstliche Intelligenz und Robotik6. Religion und ethische Werte7. Steuersystem und Zakat8. Internationaler Prestigegewinn (Soft Power)9. Integration und Konfliktmanagement10. KI-Nation f\u00fcr gemeinwohlorientiertes Miteinander? Aktuelle soziale und wirtschaftliche Herausforderungen in Saudi-Arabien Saudi-Arabien steht trotz der ambitionierten Vision 2030 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":10458,"parent":11034,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-11058","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Soziale und wirtschaftliche Herausforderungen in Saudi-Arabien - Gradido<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Sei Teil der Bewegung!Gemeinsam bringen wir Gradido in die Welt.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/gradido.net\/fr\/countries\/saudi-arabia\/social-and-economic-challenges\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Soziale und wirtschaftliche Herausforderungen in Saudi-Arabien - 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